Tier C — rodent data only, no published human RCT

BPC-157

Synthetic pentadecapeptide (15 amino acids), sequence derived from a fragment of a protein found in human gastric juice. Notably stable in gastric acid.

Conceptual chain illustration for BPC-157 — for representation purposes only. Not the compound's verified molecular structure.

Evidence

Extensive rodent work on tendon, ligament, muscle, and gut healing. No published human RCT exists.

Proposed mechanism

Angiogenesis via VEGFR2 signalling; nitric oxide pathway involvement.

Regulatory status

Not approved anywhere. On WADA's prohibited list (non-approved substances) — relevant to any tested athlete.

The honest read: the preclinical picture is genuinely interesting and unusually consistent across studies. That is not the same as evidence it works in humans.

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